Quellen 

Kapitel 1
1. Foto von Vlad Sokhin; Panos Pictures; https://library.panos.co.uk/stock-photo/taufiso-nine-rides-a-bicycle-through-a-flooded-area-of-tanrake-village-the/search/detail-0_00206953.html?

Kapitel 2
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35. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK), Trenczek, J. & Dehnhardt, A. (2023): Was uns die Folgen des Klimawandels kosten – Merkblatt #03. In Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) [Report]. https://www.bundeswirtschaftsministerium.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/M-O/Merkblaetter/merkblatt-klimawandelfolgen-in-deutschland-03.pdf
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44. Foto von Alessio Paduano/Al Jazeera, http://www.alessiopaduano.it/stories/drought-and-water-insecurity-climate-change-in-kenya/#15.
45. World Meteorological Organization. (2025c, Oktober 9): Climate change added average of 26 days of extreme heat over last year. https://wmo.int/media/news/climate-change-added-average-of-26-days-of-extreme-heat-over-last-year?.
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47. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (o. D.): Zahl der hitzebedingten Todesfälle nimmt wegen Klimawandel zu. Potsdam Institute For Climate Impact Research. https://www.pik-potsdam.de/de/aktuelles/nachrichten/zahl-der-hitzebedingten-todesfaelle-nimmt-wegen-klimawandel-zu-jaehrlich-546-000-in-der-letzten-dekade?.
48. The Lancet. (2025, 28. Oktober): 2025 Report Visual Summary - Lancet Countdown. Lancet Countdown. https://lancetcountdown.org/2025-report-visual-summary/.
49. Spiegel Wissenschaft (2024): Waldbrand-Emissionen in Kanada deutlich höher als aus fossilen Quellen. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/kanada-emissionen-aus-waldbraenden-deutlich-hoeher-als-aus-fossilen-quellen-a-d67ae52c-d25d-4e7b-a2dd-141e670e7dff.
50. World Meteorological Organization. (2024, 18. März): Climate change indicators reached record levels in 2023. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-indicators-reached-record-levels-2023-wmo und CIFFC (2023): National Fire Situation Report. https://ciffc.net/situation/2023-10-06.
51. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. (2025): ECMWF contributes to the State of Wildfires 2024–25 report. ECMWF, https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2025/ecmwf-contributes-state-wildfires-2024-25-report?.
52. Erickson-Davis, M. (2024, 29. November): Fires rip through Indigenous territories in Brazilian Amazon. Conservation News, https://news.mongabay.com/2024/11/fires-rip-through-indigenous-territories-in-brazilian-amazon/?.
53. Wikimedia Commons. (2020): Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Fire#/media/File:Bobcat_Fire,_Los_Angeles,_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg.
54. Marcelo Perez del Carpio / Climate Visuals, https://www.climatevisuals.org/asset/3257/.
55. Basso, L. S.et al. (2023): Atmospheric CO 2 inversion reveals the Amazon as a minor carbon source caused by fire emissions, with forest uptake offsetting about half of these emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, 23(17), 9685–9723. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2021): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/wg1/.
56. Frey, H. et al. (2014): Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan–Karakoram region using different methods, The Cryosphere, https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/2313/2014/.
57. Pandit A and Ramsankaran R (2020): Identification of Potential Sites for Future Lake Formation and Expansion of Existing Lakes in Glaciers of Chandra Basin, Western Himalayas, India. Front. Earth Sci, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.500116.
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67. Foto von Benjamin Jones, USGS, Flicker/Climate Visuals: Collapsed permafrost. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Collapsed_permafrost_(9356).jpg.
68. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) (2023): Kippelemente – Großrisiken im Erdsystem. https://www.pik-potsdam.de/de/produkte/infothek/kippelemente.
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79. Foto von Lula Oficial (2025): Climate Summit vor der COP 30, offizielles Foto vom 7. November 2025, https://www.flickr.com/photos/lulaoficial/54907903513.


Kapitel 3
1. Unabhängiges Institut für Umweltfragen (UfU) (o.D.): Klima- und Umweltgerechtigkeit. https://www.ufu.de/klimagerechtigkeit/.
2. Deutscher Ethikrat (2024): Klimagerechtigkeit [Stellungnahme]. https://www.ethikrat.org/publikationen/stellungnahmen/klimagerechtigkeit/.
3. Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), (o.D.): Lexikon: Globaler Süden/Globaler Norden. https://www.bmz.de/de/service/lexikon/globaler-sueden-norden-147314.
4. Grafik von Wikipedia. (2021, 7. Dezember): Nord-Süd-Forschungszusammenarbeit. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-S%C3%BCd-Forschungszusammenarbeit#/media/Datei:Global_North_and_Global_South,_according_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation.svg.
5. Foto von Markus Spiske, https://unsplash.com/de/fotos/eine-person-die-ein-schild-mit-der-aufschrift-klimagerechtigkeit-halt-zOdvBieWTYw.
6. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (o.D.): Kolonialismus und Postkolonialismus: Schlüsselbegriffe der aktuellen Debatte. Kolonialismus und Postkolonialismus: Schlüsselbegriffe der aktuellen Debatte | (Post)-Kolonialismus und Globalgeschichte | bpb.de
7. Abimbola et al. (2021): Framing Paper: Racism and Climate (In)Justice - How Racism and Colonialism shape the Climate Crisis and Climate Action, CC BY ND 4.0, https://us.boell.org/en/2021/03/19/racism-and-climate-injustice-0.
8. H. Ritchie, P. Rosado and M. Roser (2023): CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions
9. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (2024): GHG emissions of all world countries - 2024 report. https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2024?vis=co2tot#intro.
10. Eis gegen heiß - Wie wir uns an die Folgen des Klimawandels anpassen müssen. (2025): Kiepenheuer & Witsch, https://www.kiwi-verlag.de/buch/christian-serrer-karoline-moeller-eis-gegen-heiss-9783462009910.
11. Oxfam Deutschland (2025): Klimakluft: Wie Reiche das Klima belasten. In Oxfam Deutschland, https://www.oxfam.de/publikationen/oxfam-bericht-klimakluft-reiche-klima-belasten, insbesondere Bericht „Climate Plunder“, S.19.
12. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022): Summary for policymakers. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability, Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group II Contribution, Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/.
13. Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus (o.D.): Alter + Hitze. Tipps zur Vermeidung von gesundheitlichen Schäden.
https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Praevention/Broschueren/Alter_und_Hitze_RBK_BMG.pdf.
14. N. Watts et al. (2019): The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. In: Lancet 394 (10211), 1836–1878.
15. Futurity (2023): How to protect people displaced by the climate crisis. Darstellung: UC Berkeley Othering and Belonging Institute, basierend auf Daten der Notre Dame Global Adaption Initiative. https://www.futurity.org/climate-displaced-people-global-south-3006042-2/.
16. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (2007): Bericht über die menschliche Entwicklung 2007/2008. Den Klimawandel bekämpfen: Menschliche Solidarität in einer geteilten Welt, S. 4.
17. L. Rahman (2021): Neokoloniale Strukturen in der internationalen Klimapolitik: Eine postkoloniale Perspektive auf den Diskurs im Rahmen der UN-Klimakonferenzen. https://www.econbiz.de/Record/neokoloniale-strukturen-der-internationalen-klimapolitik-eine-postkoloniale-perspektive-auf-den-diskurs-rahmen-der-klimakonferenzen-rahman-lea/10012424379.
18. T. Langkamp (April, 2022): Klima und Kolonialismus. 350.org, https://350.org/de/klima-und-kolonialismus/.
19. UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2024, 10. Dezember): Countries agree $300 billion by 2035 for new climate finance goal – what next? UN Trade And Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/news/countries-agree-300-billion-2035-new-climate-finance-goal-what-next?.
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28. Photograph of Vanessa Nakate, a Ugandan climate justice activist. Paul Wamala Ssegujja, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vanessa_Nakate.jpg.
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35. Deutsche KlimaStiftung & Unabhängiges Institut für Umweltfragen (UfU) (2019–2025): KlimaGesichter. https://klimaflucht.de/.
36. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (o.D.): Human Mobility at COP 27. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/human-mobility-cop27 und Human Mobility at COP28. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/human-mobility-cop-28.




Kapitel 4
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2. Bakewell, O. (2008): Research Beyond the Categories. The Importance of Policy Irrelevant Research into Forced Migration. Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 432–453, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen042; Betts, A. (2013): Survival Migration. Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, https://doi.org/10.7298/qsnq-4108.
3. Foto von Robin Hammond/Panos Pictures, https://library.panos.co.uk/stock-photo/children-at-fun-caring-play-centre-in-auckland-a-kindergarten-for-tuvaluan/search/detail-0_00101048.html?dvx=1665.
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6. Grafik von Jonas Bergmann.
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22. Bergmann, J. & Martin, S. F. (2023): Addressing climate change-related human immobilities. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099658308192441551/pdf/IDU1d887603a1af6e14dbd1913c1857ae096715c.pdf
23. Benveniste, H., M. Oppenheimer and M. Fleurbaey (2022): Climate change increases resource-constrained international immobility, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01401-w, ; Choquette-Levy, N. et al. (2021): Risk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 1046–1054, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01205-4.
24. Thalheimer, Lisa, et al. (2025): Prioritizing involuntary immobility in climate policy and disaster planning. Nature Communications 16.1, 2581, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57679-9.
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26. Deutsche KlimaStiftung & Unabhängiges Institut für Umweltfragen (UfU) (2019–2025): KlimaGesichter. https://klimaflucht.de/.
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28. Daten zu Migration https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/environmental-migration und bspw. zu Lateinamerika Thiede, B. C. (2023): Climate Variability and Internal Migration to Urban and Rural Areas: Evidence from Global Microdata. KNOMAD Paper 55, KNOMAD / World Bank, https://knomad-ois.assyst.in/sites/default/files/publication-doc/knomad_paper_55_climate_migration_urban_brain_c_thiede_november_2023.pdf; Thiede, B., Gray, C., & Müller, V. (2016): Climate variability and inter-provincial migration in South America, 1970–2011. Global Environmental Change, 41, 228–240 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378016303909; zu Binnenvertreibung IDMC (2025): Global Internal Displacement Database, https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data; zu Umsiedlungen Bower, E. and S. Weerasinghe (2021): Leaving Place, Restoring Home. Enhancing the Evidence Base on Planned Relocation Cases in the Context of Hazards, Disasters, and Climate Change, Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD), https://disasterdisplacement.org/news-events/leaving-place-restoring-home-enhancing-the-evidence-base-on-planned-relocation-cases-in-the-context-of-hazards-disasters-and-climate-change-2/ ; zu Evakuierungen McAdam, J. (2022): Evacuations: a form of disaster displace-ment?. Forced Migration Review, Vol. 69, pp. 56–57 https://www.fmreview.org/climate-crisis/mcadam/; zu bereits Geflohenen UNHCR (2024): No Escape: On the frontlines of climate change, conflict and forced displacement. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/no-escape-unhcr-climate-report-2024.pdf; zu Immobilität Benveniste, H., M. Oppenheimer and M. Fleurbaey (2022): Climate change increases resource-constrained international immobility, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01401-w, und Choquette-Levy, N. et al. (2021): Risk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 1046–1054, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01205-4.
29. Schewel & Dickerson, (2024): How well can we predict climate migration? A review of forecasting models. Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 5 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1189125; Selby, J. ; G. Daoust (2021): Rapid evidence assessment on the impacts of climate change on migration patterns. London, https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/rapid-evidence-assessment-on-the-impacts-of-climate-change-on-migration-patterns.
30. Clement, V. et al. (2021): Groundswell Part 2: Acting on Internal Climate Migration. World Bank, Washington, D.C, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/2c9150df-52c3-58ed-9075-d78ea56c3267.
31. Amakrane, K. et al. (2023): African Shifts. The Africa Climate Mobility Report, Addressing Climate-Forced Migration & Displacement, https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1411/files/documents/2023-03/African%20Shifts%20Report.pdf.
32. Benveniste, H., M. Oppenheimer and M. Fleurbaey (2022): Climate change increases resource-constrained international immobility. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41558-022-01401-w, ; Choquette-Levy, N. et al. (2021): Risk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 1046–1054, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01205-4 ; DeWaard, J. et al. (2022): Operationalizing and empirically identifying populations trapped in place by climate and environmental stressors in Mexico. Regional Environmental Change, Vol. 22, No. 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-022-01882-7.
33. Loss and Damage and the Challenges of Human Mobility and Displacement Working Group (2025, 1. Oktober): Key messages on displacement and other forms of human mobility for the Seventh Meeting of the Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage: Summary for policymakers. Loss and Damage Collaboration. https://www.lossanddamagecollaboration.org/resources/key-messages-on-displacement-and-other-forms-of-human-mobility-for-the-seventh-meeting-of-the-board-of-the-fund-for-responding-to-loss-and-damage-summary-for-policymakers; Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). (2024, November 5): Policy Brief: Loss and Damage governance must account for displacement. IDMC, https://www.internal-displacement.org/policy-brief/loss-and-damage-governance-must-account-for-displacement/.
34. UNDP (2020): Human Mobility, Shared Opportunities. A Review of the 2009 Human Development Report and the Way Ahead, United Nations Development Programme, https://www.migrationdataportal.org/ ; New York und United Nations Development Programme. (2022): Turning the Tide on Internal Displacement: A Development Approach to Solutions. UNDP, https://www.undp.org/publications/human-mobility-shared-opportunities-review-2009-human-development-report-and-way-ahead.
35. Beltran, Paula, and Metodij Hadzi Vaskov (2023): Climate and Cross Border Migration. IMF Working Paper No. 2023/250, International Monetary Fund, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400261879.001.
36. Webber, M. and J.R. Barnett (2010): Accommodating Migration to Promote Adaptation To Climate Change. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. 5270, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ab5b1b1d-3278-55d1-8648-cb11cf52ed6e.
37. Climate Outreach (2014): Moving Stories: climate and migration, https://climateoutreach.org/reports/moving-stories-climate-and-migration.
38. Bergmann, J. (2023): At Risk of Deprivation: The Multidimensional Well-Being Impacts of Climate Migration and Immobility in Peru. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-42298-1 ; M. Yonetani (2022): Displacement risk: Unpacking a problematic concept, International Migration, imig.13004, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/imig.13004.
39. Bower, E.R., Badamikar, A., Wong-Parodi, G. et al. (2023): Enabling pathways for sustainable livelihoods in planned relocation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 13, 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01753-x.
40. Melde, S., F. Laczko and F. Gemenne (2017): Making mobility work for adaptation to environmental changes: Results from the MECLEP global research, International Organization for Migration, Geneva, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_comparative_report.pdf.
41. Foto von DFID/Russell Watkins, https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5331088320/in/album-72157625637353967.
42. UNHCR. (2024, November): No Escape: On the Frontlines of Climate Change, Conflict and Forced Displacement. Geneva: UNHCR, https://www.unhcr.org/publications/no-escape-frontlines-climate-change-conflict-and-forced-displacement.
43. Ahmed, A. et al. (2021): The impacts of climate change on displaced populations: A call for action. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, Vol. 3, p. 100057, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667278221000547; UNICEF Deutschland (2025): Gaza: Regen, Kälte und humanitäre Notlage. https://www.unicef.de/informieren/aktuelles/presse/-/gaza-news-regen-kaelte/350376.
44. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2025, 10. November): Wetterextreme zwingen Millionen Menschen erneut zur Flucht [Press release]. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), https://www.unhcr.org/de/news/pressemitteilungen/unhcr-bericht-wetterextreme-zwingen-millionen-menschen-erneut-zur-flucht.
45. Mandatory Credit: Jose Cendon / EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid, https://www.flickr.com/photos/eu_echo/47696279681.
46. Bergmann, J. & Martin, S. F. (2023): Addressing climate change-related human immobilities. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099658308192441551/pdf/IDU1d887603a1af6e14dbd1913c1857ae096715c.pdf; Foresight (2011): Migration and Global Environmental Change: Future Challenges and Opportunities, UK Government Office for Science, London, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/migration-and-global-environmental-change-future-challenges-and-opportunities.
47. Aleinikoff, T. A. & Martin, S. (2022): Responsibility of the International Community in Situations of Mobility due to Environmental Events. Policy publication. https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/en/publication/responsibility-international-community-situations-mobility-due-environmental-events; Braun, K. (2023): Addressing the Protection Gap ‒ Human Mobility and the Climate Crisis in International Frame-works, Analysis, No. 107, Brot für die Welt, Berlin, https://www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/fileadmin/mediapool/downloads/fachpublikationen/analyse/Addressing_the_Protection_Gap.pdf; OECD (2023): Addressing forced displacement in climate change adaptation: No longer a blind spot”, OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 46, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/10/addressing-forced-displacement-in-climate-change-adaptation_fb566da6/891ced36-en.pdf ; Wright, E., D. Tänzler and L. Rüttinger (2020): Migration, environment and climate change: Responding via climate change adaptation policy, Berlin, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2020-03-04_texte_44-2020_migration-response_3.pdf.
48. Iqro Rinaldi via Unsplash, https://unsplash.com/de/fotos/eine-gruppe-von-menschen-die-durch-eine-uberflutete-strasse-gehen-WSMbpzRskdA.
49. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC): Country profile: Indonesia. https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/indonesia.
50. Bergmann, J. (2024): Advocating for Change: A Compendium on Climate Mobility. Washington, D.C.: Climate Migration Council / Emer-son Collective, https://www.climatemigrationcouncil.org/compendium.

Kapitel 5
1. Foto von Raphael Pouget / Climate Visuals Countdown, https://www.climatevisuals.org/asset/3376/.